-ward

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Etymology

From Old English -weard, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, earlier *warþaz ("turned toward, in the direction of, facing") (compare -wards, from -weardes).

Cognate with Dutch -waarts, Low German -warts, German -wärts, Old Norse -verðr, Icelandic -verðr, Swedish -vart, Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃, Latin vertere or versus ("toward"), and Sanskrit वर्तते. Also related to worth ("to become"). Compare verse.

Pronunciation

• • (RP) IPA: /wəd/
  • (America) IPA: /wɚd/
  • (RP) IPA: /wɔːd/
  • (America) IPA: /wɔɹd/

Suffix

1. Forming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in "backward", "toward", "forward", etc.
2. Forming adjectives, as in "a backward look", "the northward road", etc; used even by speakers who usually use -wards for adverbs.

Translations

• German: -wärts

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