Pronunciation
- (British, America) IPA: /ɹɪˈfɹæk.təɹ.i/
refractory
- Obstinate and unruly; strongly opposed to something.
- Synonyms: contrary, fractious, Thesaurus:obstinate
- 1836, Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, Chapter 26,
- Mr. Weller knocked at the door, and after a pretty long interval—occupied by the party without, in whistling a tune, and by the party within, in persuading a refractory flat candle to allow itself to be lighted […]
- 1913 Eleanor Porter: Pollyanna: Chapter 8:
- For five minutes Pollyanna worked swiftly, deftly, combing a refractory curl into fluffiness, perking up a drooping ruffle at the neck, or shaking a pillow into plumpness so that the head might have a better pose. Meanwhile the sick woman, frowning prodigiously, and openly scoffing at the whole procedure, was, in spite of herself, beginning to tingle with a feeling perilously near to excitement.
- Not affected by great heat.
- Synonyms: heat-resistant, fireproof
- (medicine) Difficult to treat.
- 1949, Albert Fields and John Hoesley, "Neck and Shoulder Pain ↗", Calif. Med., 70(6):478–482.,
- Many of the vague and refractory cases of neck and shoulder pain and of migraine may be due to cervical disc disease.
- 1990, H. A. Ring et al, "Vigabatrin: rational treatment for chronic epilepsy ↗", J. Neurol. Neurosurg.Psychiatry, 53(12):1051–1055,
- In 33 adult patients with long standing refractory epilepsy on treatment with one or two standard anti-convulsant drugs,
- 1949, Albert Fields and John Hoesley, "Neck and Shoulder Pain ↗", Calif. Med., 70(6):478–482.,
- (biology) Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus.
- 1959, Nobusada Ishiko and Werner R. Loewenstein, "Electrical output of a receptor membrane ↗", Science, 1959, 130:1405-6,
- The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane […]
- 1970, S.S. Barold et al, "Chest wall stimulation in evaluation of patients with implanted ventricular-inhibited demand pacemakers ↗", Br. Heart J., 32(6):783–789,
- The […] delivery of external stimuli […] delineates the pacemaker refractory period after the emission of a pacing stimulus and after the sensing of a spontaneous beat.
- 1959, Nobusada Ishiko and Werner R. Loewenstein, "Electrical output of a receptor membrane ↗", Science, 1959, 130:1405-6,
- French: réfractaire
- Italian: refrattario, refrattaria
- Portuguese: refratário
- Spanish: refractario
- French: réfractaire
- Italian: refrattario
- Portuguese: refratário
- Spanish: refractario
- French: réfractaire
- Italian: refrattario
- Portuguese: refratário
- Spanish: refractario
refractory (plural refractories)
- A material or piece of material, such as a brick, that has a very high melting point.
- Italian: refrattario
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