From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.

Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch, Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch, Western Frisian rûch, Low German ruuch, Dutch ruig, German rau, Danish ru.

• (RP, America) IPA: /ɹʌf/

rough (comparative rougher, superlative roughest)

1. Not smooth; uneven.

   rough hands

   rough stone

   rough surface

   • 1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter 1, in Jacob's Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC ↗; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC ↗:

     The rock was one of those tremendously solid brown, or rather black, rocks which emerge from the sand like something primitive. Rough with crinkled limpet shells and sparsely strewn with locks of dry seaweed, a small boy has to stretch his legs far apart, and indeed to feel rather heroic, before he gets to the top.

2. Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished.

   a rough copy

   a rough estimate

   a rough guess

   a rough plan

   a rough sketch of a building

3. Turbulent.

   rough sea

   rough water

   rough weather

   • 1927, M[ohandas] K[aramchand] Gandhi, chapter XII, in Mahadev Desai, transl., The Story of My Experiments with Truth: Translated from the Original in Gujarati, volume I, Ahmedabad, Gujarat: Navajivan Press, →OCLC ↗:

     With my mother's permission and blessings, I set off exultantly for Bombay, leaving my wife with a baby of a few months. But on arrival there, friends told my brother that the Indian Ocean was rough in June and July, and as this was my first voyage, I should not be allowed to sail until November.

4. Difficult; trying.

   Being a teenager nowadays can be rough.

5. Crude; unrefined.

   His manners are a bit rough, but he means well.

6. Worn; shabby; weather-beaten.
7. (of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous.

   the rough bit of town

8. Violent; not careful or subtle.

   rough words

   This box has been through some rough handling.

9. Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating.

   a rough tone

   a rough voice

   • 1711 May, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Criticism, London: […] W[illiam] Lewis […]; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor […], T[homas] Osborn[e] […], and J[ohn] Graves […], →OCLC ↗:

     But most by Numbers judge a Poet's song, / And smooth or rough, with them

10. (of a gem) Not polished; uncut.

    a rough diamond

11. Harsh-tasting.

    rough wine

12. (chiefly, UK, Irish, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition.
13. (chiefly, UK, Irish, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover.

• smooth

• French: rude, rugueux, brut
• German: rau, grob
• Italian: ruvido, rugoso, scabro
• Portuguese: áspero
• Russian: гру́бый
• Spanish: áspero

• French: approximatif
• German: grob
• Italian: approssimato
• Portuguese: aproximado
• Russian: приблизи́тельный
• Spanish: aproximado, aproximativo, casi

• Italian: mosso
• Portuguese: turbulento
• Russian: бу́рный
• Spanish: turbulento

• French: difficile
• Italian: difficile
• Portuguese: duro, difícil
• Russian: суро́вый
• Spanish: difícil

• French: brut
• German: roh
• Italian: rude
• Portuguese: grosseiro, tosco
• Russian: гру́бый
• Spanish: tosco, rudo

• French: brutal
• Spanish: complicado, duro

rough (plural roughs)

1. The unmowed part of a golf course.
2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.
3. (cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce.
4. The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created.
5. A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming.
6. (obsolete) Boisterous weather.
7. A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping.

• German: Rough

rough (roughs, present participle roughing; simple past and past participle roughed)

1. To create in an approximate form.

   Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.

2. (boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent.
   • 1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)

     […] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules.

3. (ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player.
4. To render rough; to roughen.
5. To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes.
6. To endure primitive conditions.

   to rough it

   • 1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC ↗, page 280 ↗:

     “ […] Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”

7. (transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping.

• French: ébaucher

rough

1. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.
   • 1826, [Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC ↗, page 93 ↗:

     I will warrant they prove such roaring boys as I knew when I served under Lumford and Goring, [...] —sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Ah! those merry days are gone.

English and Scottish surname, variant of Ruff, itself of several origins:

• From the adjective rough
• Variant of Roof, Roff, Rolfe
• Scots - pronunciation of Rock
• German - variant of Ruf

1. Surname.