From Middle English flour, from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs, from itc-pro *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-.

Partly displaced native Old English blostma, whence Modern English blossom.

• (RP) IPA: /ˈflaʊ.ə/
• (America, Canada) IPA: /ˈflaʊ.ɚ/
• (India) IPA: /flaː(r)/, /flɐ.ʋə(r)/, /flɐ.wə(r)/

flower

1. A colorful, conspicuous structure associated with angiosperms, frequently scented and attracting various insects, and which may or may not be used for sexual reproduction.
   • 1653, William Basse, “Clio, or The First Muse; in 9 Eglogues in Honor of 9 Vertues. As It was in His Dayes Intended. [Munday. Laurinella. Eglogue. Of True and Chast Love.]”, in J[ohn] P[ayne] C[ollier], editor, The Pastorals and Other Workes of William Basse. […] (Miscellaneous Tracts, Temp. Eliz. & Jac. I), [London: s.n.], published 1870, →OCLC ↗:

     O Laurinella! little doſt thou wot / How fraile a flower thou doſt ſo highly prize: / Beauty's the flower, but love the flower-pot / That muſt preſerve it, els it quickly dyes.

   • 1954 July 29, J[ohn] R[onald] R[euel] Tolkien, “A Long-Expected Party”, in The Fellowship of the Ring: Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings, New York, N.Y.: Ballantine Books, published September 1973, →ISBN:

     The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.

2. (botany) A reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants), often conspicuously colourful and typically including sepals, petals, and either or both stamens and/or a pistil.
   • 1894, H. G. Wells, The Flowering of the Strange Orchid:

     You know, Darwin studied their fertilisation, and showed that the whole structure of an ordinary orchid flower was contrived in order that moths might carry the pollen from plant to plant.

3. A plant that bears flowers, especially a plant that is small and lacks wood.

   We transplanted the flowers to a larger pot.

4. The stem of a flowering plant with the blossom or blossoms attached, used for decoration, as a gift, etc.

   He always keeps a vase full of flowers in his office.

5. (uncountable, usually with in) Of plants, a state of bearing blooms.

   The dogwoods are in flower this week.

6. (euphemistic, hypocoristic) The vulva, especially the labia majora.
   • 1749, [John Cleland], “(Please specify the letter or volume)”, in Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure [Fanny Hill], London: […] [Thomas Parker] for G. Fenton [i.e., Fenton and Ralph Griffiths] […], →OCLC ↗, page 106 ↗:

     [F]or ſtill, that my virgin-flower was yet uncrop'd never once enter'd into his head, and he would have thought it idling with time and words to have queſtion'd me upon it.

7. The best examples or representatives of a group.
   • 1513, John Skelton, Agaynst the Scottes; republished in John Scattergood, editor, John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, 1983, →OCLC ↗, page 116, lines 25–28:

     At Floddon hyllys, / Our bowys, our byllys / Slew all the floure / Of theyr honoure.

   • 1594–1597, Richard Hooker, edited by J[ohn] S[penser], Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, […], London: […] Will[iam] Stansby [for Matthew Lownes], published 1611, →OCLC ↗, (please specify the page):

     The choice and flower of all things profitable the Psalms do more briefly contain.

   • 1808, Robert Southey, Chronicle of the Cid, from the Spanish:

     the flower of the chivalry of all Spain

   • 1915, Katharine Tynan, The Golden Boy:

     In times of peace, so clean and bright, / And with a new-washed morning face, / He walked Pall Mall, a goodly sight, / The finished flower of all the race.

8. The best state of things; the prime.

   She was in the flower of her life.

   • 1842, Alfred Tennyson, “Lady Clara Vere de Vere”, in Poems. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC ↗, stanza 2, page 156 ↗:

     A simple maiden in her flower / Is worth a hundred coats-of-arms.

9. (obsolete) Flour.
   • 1731, John Arbuthnot, “Of the Different Intentions to be Pursued in the Choice of Aliment in Different Constitutions”, in An Essay Concerning the Nature of Aliments, and the Choice of Them, According to the Different Constitutions of Human Bodies. […], 1st Irish edition, Dublin: […] S. Powell, for George Risk, […], George Ewing, […], and William Smith, […], →OCLC ↗, prop[osition] VII, page 86 ↗:

     The Flovvers of Grains mix'd vvith VVater vvill make a ſort of Glue.

10. (in the plural, chemistry, obsolete) A substance in the form of a powder, especially when condensed from sublimation.

    the flowers of sulphur

    • 1661, Robert Boyle, “(please specify the page)”, in The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-physical Doubts & Paradoxes, […], London: […] J. Cadwell for J. Crooke, […], →OCLC ↗:

      Exposed to a moderate fire in subliming pots, [brimstone] rises all into dry, and almost tasteless, flowers; whereas being exposed to a naked fire, it affords store of a saline and fretting liquor.

11. A figure of speech; an ornament of style.
12. (printing) Ornamental type used chiefly for borders around pages, cards, etc.
    • 1841, William Savage, A Dictionary of the Art of Printing:

      I pointed out to the late Mr. Catherwood, of the firm of Caslon and Catherwood, the inconvenience of both these modes of cutting flowers,

13. (in the plural, obsolete) Menstrual discharges.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC ↗, Leviticus 15:24 ↗:

      And if any man lye with her at all, and her flowers be vpon him, hee shall be vncleane seuen dayes: and all the bed whereon he lyeth, shall be vncleane.

14. A delicate, fragile or oversensitive person.
    • 2015, Sally Chiwuzie, Silent Symphonies:

      […] she whispered leaning over and kissing her forehead; and then added, 'Mummy loves you, precious flower.'

    • 2016, Barbara Ann Wright, Paladins of the Storm Lord:

      “Take care of yourself out there, Brown, you delicate flower.”

    • 2021, Alica McKenna-Johnson, The Unicorn's Scion:

      “Come on, you delicate flower, we just need to nap. It will be fine.”

15. Credit, recognition.

    to give someone his flowers

• (inflorescence that resembles a flower) head, pseudanthium
• (best examples) cream
• (best state of things) prime

• French: fleur
• German: Blüte, Blume
• Italian: fiore
• Portuguese: flor
• Russian: цвето́к
• Spanish: flor

• German: Blume
• Russian: цвето́к

flower (flowers, present participle flowering; simple past and past participle flowered)

1. (intransitive) To put forth blooms.

   This plant flowers in June.

2. (transitive) To decorate with pictures of flowers.
3. (intransitive) To reach a state of full development or achievement.
   • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “December. Ægloga Duodecima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Iohn Wolfe for Iohn Harrison the yonger, […], →OCLC ↗:

     when flowr'd my youthful spring

   • 1940 Mahadev Desai, translator, Mahatma Gandhi, An Autobiography, Part III (IX) The Story of My Experiments with Truth/Part III/Simple Life, original published 1927-1929

     It only needed watering to take root, to flower and to fructify, and the watering came in due course.

   • 2012, Naomi Wolf, Vagina: A New Biography, page 43:

     In life after life of this now-expanded circle of women artists, writers and revolutionaries, the same appeared: a flowing of creative insight and vision seemed the follow a sexual flowering.

4. (archaic, intransitive) To froth; to ferment gently, as new beer.
   • 1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC ↗:

     That beer did flower a little.

5. (intransitive) To come off as flowers by sublimation.
   • [1644], [John Milton], Of Education. To Master Samuel Hartlib, [London: […] Thomas Underhill and/or Thomas Johnson], →OCLC ↗:

     observations which have flowered off

• (to put forth blooms) bloom, blossom
• (reach a state of achievement) flourish

• French: fleurir, s'épanouir
• German: blühen
• Italian: fiorire
• Portuguese: florir, florescer
• Russian: цвести́
• Spanish: florecer

1. flow + -er

• (British) IPA: /ˈfləʊə/
• (America) IPA: /ˈfloʊɚ/

flower (plural flowers)

1. (rare) Something that flows, such as a river.
   • 1886–1890, J. D. Rees, Narratives of Tours in India, page 340 ↗:

     Leaving the weavers’ village behind you, and crossing the sandy bed of the Vengavati or ‘Swift-flower,’ which, however, contained not a drop of water, you reach the ancient Jain temple.

• As an occupational English surname, from the noun flower, and sometimes flour.
• Also as an English surname, from Middle English flo.
• Also as an English surname, variant of Floor, itself from the noun floor.
• As a Welsh - surname, Anglicized from Llywarch.

1. Surname.
2. An unincorporated community in Braxton County, West Virginia.